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pwede, aerated oil can cause overheating of the system. Ang pump na humihigop ng di sapat na langis ay makakahigop din ng hangin hangang sa ang boung sistema ng hydraulics ay magkakabubbles. Ito ang tinatawag na aerated system. Ang bubbles sa langis nagdadagdag ng friction sa loob ng pump. What is actually happenning inside the pump is, the piston strokes indide the grove at airtight clearance. The solid oil lubricates its movement to reduce friction that creates heat. However, the lack of solid oil or the air in the oil reduces its lubrication quality. It will add friction on the pump and eventually causes overheating of the whole system. Aerated oil is milky in color.
Another cause of overheating is when the hyd oil cooler fan is not working. Check this out, too.
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What movie and television projects has Timothy Mabalot been in?
Timothy Mabalot has: Played Playmate in "Gulong" in 2007. Played Adag in "Brutus, ang paglalakbay" in 2008. Played Cocoy in "Ang nerseri" in 2009. Played Poli in "Sumuko ka na Diego" in 2010. Played Jason in "Ang tangke" in 2010. Played Tony De Guzman in "Mondomanila, or: How I Fixed My Hair After a Rather Long Journey" in 2010. Played Buboy in "Bahay bata" in 2011. Played Nonoy in "Lilet Never Happened" in 2012. Played Bata in "Death March" in 2013.
What actors and actresses appeared in Ang paglilitis ni Mang Serapio - 2010?
The cast of Tanging yaman - 2010 includes: Adriana Agcaoili as Luna Dimaguiba Nash Aguas as Young Jomari Buenavista Isay Alvarez as Trinidad Buenavista Sophia Baars as Young Isabel Policarpio-Jacinto Noni Buencamino as Apolinario Dimaguiba Jordan Castillo as Luzviminda Triad Menggie Cobarrubias as Lawyer Enchong Dee as Jomari Buenavista Mylene Dizon as Leona Policarpio-Jacinto Ejay Falcon as Epifanio Inciong Alvin Fortuna as Lt. Agencia Andrei Garcia as Young Epifanio Inciong Francisco Godoy III as Doctor Erich Gonzales as Josefina Dimaguiba Rolando Inocencio as Cabinet Secretary Agot Isidro as Marcela Policarpio Nanding Josef as Artemio Inciong Jinky Laurel as Dra. Eva Fernandez Kier Legaspi as Emil Jacinto Marife Necesito as Brenda Buddy Palad as Cabinet Secretary Sam Pinto as Girl in restaurant Amante Pulido as Cabinet Secretary Elaine Quemuel as Cabinet Secretary Leo Rialp as Senator Melissa Ricks as Isabel Policarpio-Jacinto Rowell Santiago as Juan Policarpio Jeffrey Santos as Baltazar Angel Sy as Young Josefina Policarpio Andre Tiangco as Senator Manrique Lauren Young as Cindy Ernie Zarate as Senator Judge
What movie and television projects has Diego Joaquin Lopez been in?
Ivo Canelas has: Performed in "La reine Margot" in 1994. Played himself in "Mundo VIP" in 1996. Played himself in "Entrada em Palco" in 1997. Performed in "Menos Nove" in 1997. Performed in "Riscos" in 1997. Played Cosmo in "Zona J" in 1998. Played (1998-1999) in "Portugalmente" in 1998. Played himself in "Globos de Ouro 1998" in 1999. Played Antunes in "Fuga" in 1999. Played Joca in "O Fura-Vidas" in 1999. Played Santos Silva in "A Hora da Liberdade" in 1999. Played Bruno in "Monsanto" in 2000. Played Pedro in "A Dupla Viagem" in 2000. Played himself in "Globos de Ouro 1999" in 2000. Played himself in "Globos de Ouro 2000" in 2001. Played Himself (2008) in "Cartaz Cultural" in 2003. Played Himself (2006) in "Cartaz" in 2003. Performed in "O Porteiro" in 2004. Played Orfeu in "Orfeu" in 2004. Played Brocas in "Um Tiro no Escuro" in 2005. Played Pedro in "The Lovebirds" in 2007. Played himself in "Gala RTP 50 Anos" in 2007. Played Madeira in "Call Girl" in 2007. Played Ricky in "Do Outro Lado do Mundo" in 2008. Played Afonso Ferraz in "Liberdade 21" in 2008. Played himself in "Caia Quem Caia" in 2008. Played himself in "Globos de Ouro 2007" in 2008. Played Xico da Silva in "Arte de Roubar" in 2008. Played himself in "Fama Show" in 2008. Played himself in "5 Para a Meia Noite" in 2009. Played Himself - Nominee: Best Actor in "Globos de Ouro 2008" in 2009. Performed in "Desavergonhadamente Real" in 2009. Played Cruz in "A Cova" in 2010. Played himself in "Herman 2010" in 2010. Played himself in "Making of O Dez" in 2010. Played Ruben in "Shoot Me" in 2010. Played Miguel Zuzarte in "O Segredo de Miguel Zuzarte" in 2010. Performed in "Respiro" in 2010. Played himself in "Janela Indiscreta" in 2010. Played Bruno in "Living in Your Car" in 2010. Performed in "Sala Branca" in 2010. Performed in "Broken Clouds" in 2011. Played Himself - Best Theater Actor in "Globos de Ouro 2011" in 2012. Played Apeles Espanca in "Florbela" in 2012. Played Miguel in "Assim assim" in 2012. Played Apeles Espanca in "Perdidamente Florbela" in 2012. Played Xavier in "Os Filhos do Rock" in 2013. Played Rui in "A Estrada 47" in 2013. Played Estrela in "Outro Sangue" in 2013. Performed in "Os Filhos do Rock" in 2013. Performed in "Ophiussa: Uma Cidade de Fernando Pessoa" in 2013. Played (2014) in "Mulheres de Abril" in 2014. Performed in "Gelo" in 2014.
Suliranin ng administrasyong ramon magsaysay?
'Magsaysay Is My Guy!'He who has less in life should have more in law[Ang magkamit nang kulang sa buhay ay dapat makatanggap nang higit sa batas ]- Ramon MagsaysayNagpunta ako rito upang patayin ka.Ngayon, payagan mo sana akong magtrabaho para sa 'yo- 'Manila Boy' Tomas Santiago, bodyguard ni Luis Taruc,sumuko matapos ng 1 oras na pagkausap kay MagsaysaySa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas, 3 lamang ang dukha na namuno sa bayan. Halos magkasabay ang 2 nauna: Si Andres Bonifacio, ang kinitil ng mga taksil, at si Apolinario Mabini, ang dakilang dininig lamang pagkamatay. Sa sumunod na labu-labong agawan ng mga Pilipino sa kapangyarihan at katungkulan sa pamahalaan, may 50 taon ang lumipas bago nagkaroon muli ng isang pinunong dukha, si Ramon Magsaysay, ang sumagip sa bayan mula sa digmaan ng mga magkabayan [civil war], ang 'tao' ng mga tao [man of the people].Ipinanganak nuong 1907 kina Exequiel Magsaysay at Perfecta del Fiero sa Iba, Zambales, sa gilid ng Luzon, natutunan niya sa ama kung ano ang tunay na matuwid at kung paano maging marangal. Natanggal ang ama bilang guro sa paaralan nang tumanggi siyang "ipasang awa" ang anak ng school superintendent. Napilitang lumipat sa kabayanan ng Castillejas, nagkarpintero at nagpanday na lamang ang ama. Lumaking kasama-sama ng mga pawisan, matigas ang panindigan sa isip ni Magsaysay, at ang pag-unawa sa mga dukha. Sa paaralan ng mga manggagawa [trade school], Zambales Academy, nagtapos ng high school, naputol ang pag-aaral niya nuong 1927 sa University of the Philippines dahil mahina ang katawan, karaniwan sa mga lumaking mahirap at salat sa pagkain, at 1932 na nang nakapagtapos sa Jose Rizal College ng pagkakalakal [commerce]. Dahil mahina ang natapos, ang tanging hanap-buhay na nakita niya ay mekaniko sa Try Transportation Bus Company sa Manila, ngunit ilang taon lamang, siya na ang tagapangasiwa [general manager] duon.Hanggang lumusob ang mga Hapon.Nagbitiw siya ng tungkulin at kasama ng Philippine 31st Infantry Division nakipagbaka sa Bataan at, nang matalo, namundok at sumama sa mga guerrilla ng USAFFE. Matapang at magiting, nataas siyang capitan,major at pinuno ng 10,000 guerrilla sa buong Zambales - naghayag pa ang mga Hapon ng 100,000 pisong gantimpala sa sinumang pumatay sa kanya. Sa pagbalik ng mga Amerkano, itinanghal si Magsaysay na governador ng Zambales ni General Douglas MacArthur nuong Pebrero 1945.Ayaw ko, mga mayaman lamang ang tinatangkilik ninyo, ang tanggi ni Magsaysay sa gulat na Manuel Roxas nang alukin siyang sumapi sa Liberal Party upang kumandidato bilang kinatawan ng Zambales sa halalan ng Batasang Bayan[Philippine Congress] ng unang Republika ng Pilipinas nuong 1946. Nahikayat rin siya nang iharap sa kanya ang amuki, nilagdaan ng 11,000 taga-Zambales, na sa pamahalaan niya ipaglaban ang kapakanan ng mga hampas-lupa [tillers of the earth]. Nahalal na kinatawan ng Zambales nuong 1946 at 1949, nahirang siya sa Batasan bilang pinuno ng pulong sa tanggulang bayan [chairman, committee on national defense] dahil sa karanasan niya nuong digmaan. Nuon niya naipalipat ang PC[Philippine Constabulary] sa ilalim ng hukbong bayan [Philippine army] upang maturuan at pamunuan ng mga tunay na sundalo. Nuon din, Abril 1950, nagtungo siya sa Washington DC, sa America, at matapos kausapin sina General George Marshall, ang kalihim ng tanggulan [secretary of defense] at Harry Truman, pangulo ng America, nakautang siya ng 10 milyon dolyar pambayad sa Pilipinas ng suweldo ng mga sundalo at gantimpala ng mga nagsuplong laban sa Huk.Ako ang magpapatakbo, walang makikialam! hamon ni Magsaysay kay Pangulo Elpidio Quirino, na gipit na gipit na sa pagsulong ng mga Huk, at humirang sa kaniyang kalihim ng tanggulang bayan [secretary of national defense] nuong Septiyembre 1950. Pagkaraan ng ilang araw lamang, tinanong nang lihim si Magsaysay ng ilang mataas na pinuno ng hukbo kung kampi siyang itiwalag si Quirino sa isang kudeyta [coup d'etat].Bigyan n'yo 'ko ng 3 buwan, kung wala pa akong nagawa, bahala na kayo, ang sagot ni Magsaysay, pahiwatig na alam na niya ang gagawin laban sa mga Huk.At pahiwatig na may taning siya sa sarili, 3 buwan, upang puksain ang mga Huk.Puspusan niyang nilinis ang sandatahang bayan[Philippine armed forces]. Unang araw bilang kalihim ng tanggulan, sinisante niya ang mga pinunong pusakal, ang mga walang muwang at ang mga bayaran ng mga mayaman, pati ang pinakapuno ng hukbo [armed forces chief of staff] at ang pinuno ng PC. Pinalayas din ang mga sundalo at pinunong 'malapit' sa mga Huk, at ang mga alinlangang lumaban. Itinaas niya bilang pinuno ng hukbo ang mga marunong, ang mga handang kumilos at lumaban. Ginamit niya ang nautang sa America nuong 1950, umutang uli ng 10 milyon dolyar pa nuong 1951, upang itaas ang sahod ng lahat sa hukbo. Ginawang piso ang 30 sentimos na arawang suweldo ng karaniwang sundalo, nang matigil ang gawi ng mga itong magnakaw mula sa mga mamamayan ng pagkain at gamit para sa mga pamilya.Sumasabog ang digmaan sa Korea nuong 1950 laban sa mga komunista ni Kim Il Sung; katatapos lamang magwagi ang mga komunista ni Mao Tse Tung sa China. Sinamantala ni Magsaysay ang tuntunin ng America na supilin ang mga komunista sa Asia. Mahigit 240 pinuno ng hukbo ang ipinadala niya sa America upang mag-aral ng mga makabagong taktika sa pagsusundalo. Kulang-kulang 50 milyon dolyar ang ibinigay ng America upang makapagbuo 16 bagong batalyon ng mga sundalo, at nagkaroon si Magsaysay ng sapat na lakas, 26 batalyon, mahigit 8,000 sundalo, upang makipagpukpukan sa mga Huk. Mahigit 30 eroplano, dose-dosenang tangke at maraming kanyon, daan-daang sasakyan, libu-libong baril at machine gun at 15 milyong bala ang ipinadala ng America kay Magsaysay simula nuong 1951.Pagsilbihan n'yo, ipagtanggol n'yo ang mga tao! Pinalikas ni Magsaysay ang mga sundalo, nagkukubli nuong una sa mga garrison at kampo habang gumagala ang mga Huk sa buong kapatagan, at pinahalubilo sa mga tao sa mga baranggay at kabayanan. Hindi lamang laban sa mga Huk, kundi laban din sa mga sangganong at mga civilian guard na nagmamalupit sa mga tao! ang utos ni Magsaysay sa mga sundalo. Pinarusahan niya ang mga sundalong palalo sa mga tagabukid. Inutos niya sa mga abogado ng hukbo na tulungan nang walang bayad ang mga magsasaka sa hablahan laban sa mga may lupa.Ginamit ni Magsaysay ang karanasan niya sa 3 taong pagiging guerrilla nuong panahon ng Hapon, alam niya na ang lakas ng sandatahan ay nasa tulong at pagtangkilik ng mga tao. Sabihin n'yo sa 'kin kung may magpangahas sa inyo, kung ayaw kayong tulungan laban sa Huk, tumelagrama kayo, walang bayad, ako na ang bahala! ang pangako ni Magsaysay sa mga taong nakausap sa araw-araw na pagtahak at pag-usisa sa mga lalawigan. Sa maraming baranggay, siya ang kauna-unahang pinuno ng pamahalaan na nakarating at kumausap sa mga tao. Marami ang nagpasalamat sa pagtigil niya ng mga sapilitang evacuation at marahas na pagkulong ng mga tagabukid sa mga pacification village, sa tangkang ihiwalay at putulin ang pagtulong ng mga tao sa mga Huk. Mas malupit pa kaysa sa mga Hapon, ang sumbong kay Magsaysay ng mga tao.Lumipas ang taning ni Magsaysay. Dati-rati, takbong patakas sa gubat ang mga tao pagdating ng mga sundalo o PC. Pagkaraan ng 3 buwan, sinasalubong ng mga tao, pati ng mga bata, at binabati ang mga sundalong dumating. Hindi naganap ang balak na kudeyta ng mga pinuno ng hukbo.Sa larangan, binigyan niya ng mga camera ang bawat pangkat ng hukbong tumutugis sa mga Huk. Lahat ng napuksang Huk ay kinunan ng larawan, natunton ang wastong bilang ng mga sandatahang Huk. Sa halip ng malalaking batalyon, mga maliliit na pangkat ng mga sundalo ang pinaligid at pinapasok sa putikan ng Candabaat bundok ng Arayat, nang walang tigil upang hindi makapagpahinga at makapag-isip ang mga Huk. Nuong Disyembre 23, 1950, ginawa niyang pinuno ng PC ang mga pinunong sundalo ng hukbo. Tinuruan ang mga PC at tinuring na mga sundalo na rin. Ginamit ni Magsaysay ang hukbo upang magtayo ng mga paaralan at mgahealth center sa mga baranggay, naglatag ng mga lansangan, naghukay at nagtayo ng libu-libong poso, tinawag na liberty wells, upang magkaroon ng malinis na tubig ang mga tagabukid, sa maraming baranggay, sa kauna-unahang panahon.Binigyan niya ng lupa ang mga sumukong Huk.Itinatag ni Magsaysay nuong Disyembre 1950 ang EDCOR [Economic Development Corps] sa ilalim ng hukbo upang ibahay ang mga dating Huk sa mga bukirin, 6 - 9 hektarya bawat pamilya, malayo sa Gitnaang Luzon. Sinimulan ang unang baranggay ng EDCOR sa Kapatagan, Mindanao, nuong Pebrero 1951 at, pagkaraan ng 3 buwan, hinatid ni Magsaysayang unang pangkat ng mga sumukong Huk sa kanilang bagong tahanan, may mga paaralan, health centers, mga lansangan, mga poso ng tubig, may koryente pa - nagka-ilaw ang maraming tagabukid sa kauna-unahang panahon. Pinautang ang mga sumuko upang mabili nila ang lupang sinasaka, at binayaran ang utang mula sa ani sa bukid. Mabilis na nagtagumpay ang tuntunin, kaya isa pang baranggay ang itinayo sa Mindanao, pagkatapos, 2 pa sa Luzon, malayo sa Pampanga, upang bahayan ng libu-libong mga Huk sa sumuko upang makasama sa EDCOR. Libu-libo pang mga taga-Gitnaang Luzon na hindi Huk ang lumikas, namasahe ng mga sarili, upang sumali sa tuntunin at magkalupa sa tabi ng mga baranggay ngEDCOR. Nuong 1955, nang matapos ang pagtatayo ng EDCOR, mahigit 5,000 magbubukid o 1,200 pamilya mula sa Gitnaang Luzon ang nakalipat sa sarili nilang bukid.Nakuba ang himagsikan ng Huk.Sa kanyang tagumpay, maraming naging kaaway si Magsaysay, lalo na sa Batasan [Congress] na pinagharian ng mga mayaman. Pati na si Quirino, ang humirang at matapat na tumangkilik sa kanyang mga tuntunin, ay naging karibal na niya, kaya nuong Pebrero 1953, napilitan siyang magbitiw sa tungkulin at tumiwalag mula sa Liberal Party. Katuwang ang bihasang politico, si Carlos Garcia ng Bohol, nanalo si Magsaysay sa halalan nuong 1953 at naging pangulo ng Pilipinas nuong 1954, ang tanging pangulo na tinawag ng mga tao sa kanyang palayaw, Monching.Nagpatuloy siya ng pagtangkilik sa mga common tao, binuksan niya ang Malacanang Palace upang kahit sinong nakabakya lamang ay maaaring pumasok at kausapin ang kanilang pangulo. Itinatag niya ang NARIC[National Rice Corporation] upang pamahalaan ang pag-imbak, kalakal at presyo ng bigas upang makayanang bilihin ng kahit pinakadukhang Pilipino. Itinatag din niya ang Namarco [National Marketing Corporation] upang makabili ang mga tao ng murang delata, gaya ng gatas, karne-norte, atbp. Pinalawak din ni Magsaysay ang SWA [Social Welfare Administration] upang tulungan ang mga dukhang dumadagsa sa mga squatters area sa Manila nuon.Nagpatuloy ang pagkabantog ni Magsaysay sa madla at malamang nahalal siya muling pangulo nuong 1958 kung hindi siya namatay sa pagbagsak ng eroplano niya, ang Mount Pinatubo, sa bundok ng Manunggal, sa Cebu, nuong madaling-araw ng Marso 17, 1957.
What are the different kinds of palawan musical instruments and their definitions?
Music instruments, mechanisms that produce sounds, have been used for various purposes. In earlier times they were also used as an adjunct to dance or to labor. In later civilizations, instrumental music was used for entertainment. Present day musicological studies, following the Hornbostel-Sachs classification, divide instruments into the following categories: idiophones, aerophones, chordophones, and membranophones.IdiophonesInstruments that produce sound from the substance of the instrument itself (wood or metal) are classified as idiophones. They are further subdivided into those that are struck, scraped, plucked, shaken, or rubbed. In the Philippines there are metal and wooden (principally bamboo) idiophones.Metal idiophonse are of two categories: flat gongs and bossed gongs. Flat gongs made of bronze, brass, or iron, are found principally in the north among the Isneg, Tingguian, Kalinga, Bontok, Ibaloi, Kankanai, Gaddang, Ifugao, and Ilonggot. They are most commonly referred to as gangsa. The gongs vary in sized, the average are struck with wooden sticks, padded wooden sticks, or slapped with the palm of the hand. Gong playing among the Cordillera highlanders is an integral part of peace pact gatherings, marriages, prestige ceremonies, feasts, or rituals.In southern Philippines, gongs have a central profusion or knot, hence the term bossed gongs. They are three of types: (1) sets of graduated gongs laid in a row called the kulintang; (2) larger, deep-rimmed gongs with sides that are turned in calledagung, and (3) gongs with narrower rims and less prominent bosses calledgandingan. These gongs may be played alone but are often combined with other instruments to form various types of ensembles.Bamboo idiophones abound in the Philippines-xylophones, drums, quill-shaped tubes, stamping tubes, scrapers, buzzers, and clappers.The bamboo xylophone, gabbang, is found in southern Philippines among the Yakan, Sama, Tausug, and Palawan. It consists of bamboo keys of graduated lengths mounted on a trapezoidal box. The number of keys varies among the different tribes, ranging from 3 to 22. In northern Luzon, among the Kalinga, individual xylophone-like blades called patatag are struck with bamboo sticks.The bamboo slit drum, such as the Bukidnon bantulais fashioned out of a bamboo tube closed at both ends with anode with a slit cut out of the tube. Found among different groups of people, its main use is to announce important events.The struck quill-shaped bamboo tubes with notches etched on the tube, are found only in southern Philippines such as the Maranao tagutok and the Maguindanaokagul. The player scrapes the notches with a bamboo stick.Among the Cordillera highlanders, bamboo buzzers are widespread. They are made from a length of bamboo closed with a node at the bottom, with its top half shaped so that two tongues face each other. The top half is struck against the palm of the hand. They are known by different names such as balingbing, pew-pew,pakkung, bilbil, bungkaka by the various groups.The Ifugao have a bamboo clapper, hanger, fashioned from a tubular section of bamboo, split from one end to approximately half of the tube. Each half of the split portion is shaped to make it narrower in the middle, thus making it more flexible when the halves are made to flap against each other.Wooden idiophones include sticks, suspended logs, and log drums. The Hanunuokalutang consists of pair of sticks cut from forest trees. These are struck against each other and played while hiking through forest and mountain trails.The Ifugao pattung is a percussion yoke bar made from a tapered piece of wood and struck with a stick. It is used in a ceremonies for the sick, at rites which entail the offering of sacrificial pigs, or at death rituals.Suspended logs are widespread in southern Philippines where they are known by different tribes. The Maguindanao luntang consists of several logs of varying lengths hung in order from longest to shortest. The pointed playing ends of each log is struck by one performer creating a melody against which another performer beats drone rhythm on one of the logs.The Tagakaolo edel is a sounding board with resonator played during wedding celebrations together with a drum or gong to accompany dancers. The Bagobo and Bilaan have similar drums.Jews harps are bound all over the Philippines. They are principally made from bamboo although in Philippines some are made of metal. It is a type of mouth resonated instrument consisting of a flexible tongue fixed at one end to a surrounding frame. The player places the free end of the instrument with the hand, or in some other types by pulling a string attached to the blade. The instruments have different manes among the various tribes. In the south the most common term is kubing, in the northulibaw.AerophonesPhilippine bamboo aerophones include various types of flutes, pan-pipes, and reed pipes. The most widespread and numerous are the flutes which are mostly end-blown with the air stream directed into the open end of the tube.The lip valley notch flute, so called because of its mouthpiece which is obliquely cut and curved at a slant to follow the contour of the player's lips, is found in northernand southern Philippines. They are known by different names among the different linguistic groups, such as the paldong in the south and the palendag in the north. They are instruments of leisure, used for serenading, courting, or merely to pass the time away.The nose flute, another type of end-blown flute, is found mostly in northernPhilippines where the Kalinga call it tongali, the Bontok kaleleng, and the Ifugaoungiung. It is found sporadically in some areas of the south among the Hanunuo(lantuy), the Batak (lantoy), and the Bukidnon (bulaktob). The Cuyunin of Palawan have gigantic nose flutes with tubes much larger in diameter than those found in Luzon.Less common flutes are the ring type called sulingin southern Philippines; the whistle type called thumpong (Subanun); and the reed called saunay (Tausug).Stopped pipes found in northern Philippines are the saggeypo (Kalinga) and thesagay-op(Bontok). The bamboo pipe is closed on one end by a node with the open end held against the lower lip of the player as he blows directly across the top. The pipe can be played individually by one person or in ensembles of three or more.Rarely used today is the bamboo panpipes called diwas, diwdiwas, or dew-dew. These consist of a number of bamboo pipes (5-8)strung together.Most Philippine transverse flutes are adaptations or imitation of European versions evident in the borrowed names such as flauta (Ilonggo, Sebuano, Bicol); plawta(Manobo) and palawta (Hanunuo, Waray). The Cuyunin use a transverse flute calledtipanu which is also found among the Batak of Palawan.Other blown instruments are those made from shell or carabao horn. These are used for calling people or sending messages over wide distances. Shell trumpets include the budyong, lungga, taburi. Carabao horns are the tambuli (Tagalog) andkogao(Ifugao).ChordophonesThese are bamboo or wood stringed instruments that may be struck, plucked, or bowed. They included zithers, lutes, and bowed strings.Philippine zithers have resonating bodies that are made from bamboo tubes or half tubes with strings that run parallel to the length of the tube. Tube zithers are found in northern Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan. They are of two types: polychordal zithers with several strings that run around the tube, and parallel stringed zithers which have two strings on one side of the tube.Polychordal tube zithers found in the Cordilleras, Mindanao and Palawan have strings that are etched out of the bamboo body, remaining attached at both ends. Small wooden frets are inserted beneath the string near the ends. The number of strings varies from 5 to 8 or 9 and occasionally even 11. Some names by which this zither is called are:kolitong, kollessing, kulibet, saluray, sigitan, takul, tangke, togo, and pagang.northern Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao, and Palawan where they are known by such names as tambi, bamban, tabengbeng, kudling, tabobo,thambabok, takumbo, and patigunggung.Lutes are found only in the south, in Mindanao and Palawan. They are of the long neck variety, with two stings that run from the neck to the base of the resonating chamber. One sting plays a drone, the other a melody. Though all the lutes are fretted, the location and number of frets vary between groups. The frets of the Maranao and Maguindanao kudyapi are glued to the body of the resonating chamber, while the frets of the Bilaanfuglung, the Mansaka and Mandaya kudlong and the Palawan kusyapiare located on the neck of the instrument.One stringed bowed lutes (fiddles) of the long neck variety are found in Mindanao. They have a sounding box made from a coconut half shell covered with a leaf, or a piece of bark or animal skin. The string is make of abaca fibers, horse hair, and more recently, wire. In is called duwagey by the Manobo and Bilaan.The rondalla ensemble consists of plucked string instruments: thebandurria, the laud, the octavina, the six stringed gitara and the bajo de unas or Bass Guitar.In the parallel stringed tube zithers, two bamboo strands, about 5 cm. apart, are etched out to the tube to serve as strings. At mid-point of the tube, below the strings, a small sound hole is bored and covered by a small bamboo plate clipped to the strings. When played, the strings are struck by a bamboo stick or plucked. The instrument, with slight variations, is found inIn the later period of the Spanish regime, a favorite string ensemble calledcumparsa emerged. It was anadaptation of similar instrumental groups in Mexico (murza or murga) and Spain (estudiantina). During the early years of the American regime, the cumparsa was superceded by the rondalla.The bandurria is pear shaped, with a rounded back, a round sound hole and a fretted neck. It serves as the melody instrument of the ensemble. The octavinaandbandurria are tuned an octave below the laud. They furnish the inner harmonies and contrapuntal elaboration to the melody. The gitara's main function is to supply the arpeggiated or chordal underpinnings of the ensemble. The bajo de unas is tuned like the contra-bass.MembranophonesSingle and double headed drums are found throughout the Philippines. They are variously shaped--conical, cylindrical, goblet shaped, barrel shaped. Animal skins (snake, deer, or goat) is used as head/heads of the drum. They may be beaten with sticks or by the palm portion of bare hands. Drums are seldom used alone except to announce tidings over long distances. Usually they are played with other instruments, particularly gongs, to form different kinds of ensembles.The sulibao and kimbal of the Bontok and Ibaloi are longitudinal slightly barrel shaped hollowed out logs with deer skin heads on one end. The taller drum (ca. 80 cm) is called the kimbal; the shorter (ca. 75 cm) is called the sulibaw. The drum dead is small measuring about 6 cm. in diameter. They are played with palms of two hands. The drums are combined with gongs and other instruments to form different types of ensembles.The Ifugao libbit, ludag is a conical drum with a deer or goat skin head. It is played with a gong during harvest time under the rice granary.The dabakan is a large goblet shaped drum used by the Maranao and Maguindanao in their kulintang ensembles.The forgoing listing of Philippine Musical Instruments has been based primarily on holding of the archives at the U.P. Center for Ethnomusicology.
Who is Gerardo P Sicat?
Gerardo P. Sicat Dr Gerardo P. Sicat, Pilipino ekonomista, ay may isang malawak na katawan ng trabaho sa pang-ekonomiyang kanyang bansa isyu sa pag-unlad. Ang kanyang kaugalian ng economics spanned tatlong iba't ibang mga mundo: isang unibersidad karera ng pagtuturo at pananaliksik, ang isang government karera sa pinakamataas na konseho ng pambansang pang-ekonomiyang patakaran sa paggawa, at isang karera sa internasyonal na pag-unlad sa trabaho sa isa sa mga institusyon ng pag-unlad ng mundo - ang World Bank. [Edit] Kabataan at edukasyon Gerardo Sicat ay ipinanganak sa 1935 sa San Fernando, Pampanga, isang lalawigan sa Gitnang Luzon. Ang kanyang mga magulang ay mga mahihirap baryo kakailanganin ng mga tao na, sa kabila ng mga limitasyon ng kanilang edukasyon, struggled sa likuran walong children sa pamamagitan ng sa kanilang pag-aaral. Sa panahon ng unang bahagi ng buwan ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, ang kanyang ama inilipat ang pamilya sa Maynila kung saan siya lumaki sa pagkalalaki. Siya ay nag-aral sa pampublikong paaralan ng bansa hanggang sa hanggang kanyang graduation mula sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, ang estado unibersidad. [Edit] Career ikot Gerardo Sicat nagsimula ang kanyang karera bilang isang ekonomista kapag siya ay itinalaga sa 1958 bilang katulong magtuturo sa Economics sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. Pagkatapos ng isang taon ng pagtuturo, siya ay iginawad ng isang scholarship financed sa pamamagitan ng Rockefeller Foundation upang pag-aralan Economics sa Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) kung saan siya nakakuha ng Ph.D. sa 1963. MIT ay kabilang sa mga nangunguna sa lahat graduate mga sentro para sa pag-aaral ng Economics sa mundo. Bumabalik sa kanyang pagtuturo post sa UP sa sandaling makumpleto ng kanyang pag-aaral bilang Assistant Professor, nagtrabaho siya sa mga pang-ekonomiya pananaliksik sa Philippine isyu-unlad. Siya mabilis na rosas sa ranggo faculty upang maging puno Professor sa pamamagitan ng 1969. Sa pamamagitan ng pagkatapos, siya ay naging nationally kinikilalang para sa kanyang mga pananaliksik sa trabaho. Sa edad na 34 taon sa 1970, siya ay ginawa tagaplano pang-ekonomiya ng bansa bilang Chairman ng National Economic Council (NEC). Sa NEC, siya ulunan ng isang pambansang ahensiya sa pagpaplano na rin coordinated banyagang aid at pinangasiwaan statistical development. Siya presided isang mataas na pang-ekonomiyang patakaran na konseho na binubuo ng mga kasapi mula sa parehong Kongreso at ang Senado, ang pribadong sektor at ang ilang mga pang-ekonomiyang mga opisyal ng Executive sangay ng pamahalaan. Sa 1973, ang pagpaplano ng mga ahensya ay reorganized. Siya ay pinili upang magtungo ang mga bago at mas malakas na Pambansang Economic Development Authority (NEDA) tulad nito Director General. Sa post na ito, siya rin ay ginawa Kasabay Ministro ng Economic Planning. Siya isinaayos at may staff ang bagong katawan ng pamahalaan mula sa zero-base sa gayon ay itinalaga niya ang pinakamahusay na posibleng mga tauhan sa senior at teknikal na mga posisyon. Siya ulunan ito katawan 1973-1981. Pagkatapos ng NEDA, siya Panandalian nagsilbi bilang Chairman ng Philippine Pambansang Bank, pagkatapos ng pamahalaan pampinansyal na institusyon, 1981-1984. Ngunit pagkatapos ay sa pamamagitan ng kanyang Paglipat kanyang higit sa lahat pansin sa pagsulat ng kanyang mga aklat-aralin, mga prinsipyo ng teksto sa Economics, na kung saan ay na-publish sa 1984. Sa 1985, siya sumali sa World Bank bilang isang senior opisyal sa singil ng pampublikong grupo economics. Kapag ang World Bank reorganized, siya ay inilipat sa sentro ng pagkapangulo vice kung saan siya ay nagsilbi bilang tagapayo ekonomiya pagharap sa mga operasyon pagpapahiram ng Bank. Siya natapos ang kanyang international karera sa pang-ekonomiyang pagsusuri ng pagpapahiram programa ang Bank. Pagkatapos Ihihinto mula sa World Bank noong 1997, siya rejoined ang School of Economics bilang Propesor ng Economics, kung saan mamaya, siya ay naging Emeritus Propesor ng Economics sa 2002. Sa kanyang pamahalaan karera, siya din nagsilbi Kasabay bilang isang miyembro ng Board of Regents ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. Bilang isang pansamantalang puno 1970-1983, siya ay kasangkot sa direksyon ng patakaran sa mga unibersidad ng estado. [Edit] kasulatan at pang-ekonomiyang mga ambag Dr Sicat ng maagang gawa sa Philippine unlad ay nasa sa istraktura ng industriya at sa mga account ng kita. Pagkatapos kanyang trabaho ay nagsimulang mag-focus sa mga problema ng industriya at sa mga may kaugnayan sa ikakalakal mga patakaran. Ang kanyang diagnosis ng Philippine ekonomiyang problema ay nagsimulang mamula ang lubos na proteksyonista industrialization program. Karamihan sa kanyang mga gawa Aaksyunan ang pagbawas ng hadlang kalakalan na hampered pang-industriya paglago. Ang kanyang trabaho naiimpluwensyahan ang liberalisasyon ng kalakalan at industriya sa panahon ng mataas na mga hadlang proteksyonista. Siya din nakadirekta pansin sa mga patakaran mapagkukunan - lalo na lupa, paggawa, at kapital. Siya ay diagnosed na labis na gastos sa bansa ng labor dinala tungkol sa pamamagitan ng napakataas na pamantayan ng manggagawa at proteksyon minimum sahod. Siya Nagtalo na ang mga reporma ng labor ang mga bansa sa mga patakaran ng merkado gagawing Philippine industriya at sa ekonomiya mas internationally mapagkumpitensya na makagawa ng mas produktibo ang labor at mas mataas na pamantayan ng pamumuhay para sa mga nagtatrabaho. Siya rin ang may tulis out na lubos na mahigpit ang pang-ekonomiyang patakaran ay upang mabago at upang buksan ang bansa sa higit pang mga banyagang pamumuhunan. Dr Sicat ay din ay nakasulat sa pampublikong mga isyu sa pananalapi, pampook pang-ekonomiyang pag-unlad, at sa pagpapabuti ng pambansang mga account ng kita. Ang kanyang mga kontribusyon sa pang-ekonomiyang pag-aaral ay nagsimula sa unang bahagi ng 1964 kapag siya co-nilikha at na-edit Economics at Development. Ito ay isang aklat na nilikha sa pamamagitan ng Senior mga kasamahan sa UP School of Economics, kabilang ang pagbisita sa professors, sino nagsulat tukoy na paksa upang masakop ang pagtuturo ng elementarya economics. Sa 1983 habang sa paglipat mula sa kanyang karera ng pamahalaan, Dr Sicat nagpasya upang makapagsulat ng isang pangunahing aklat-aralin, Economics, na kung saan ay naging ang mga pangunahing pinagkukunan ng pagtuturo sa elementarya economics na may isang pang-ekonomiyang pag-unlad viewpoint sa Pilipinas. Dr Sicat din ginawa kontribusyon direkta sa Indonesian pang-ekonomiyang pag-aaral. Ito ay sa mungkahi ng late propesor Heinz Arndt ng Australian Pambansang University, na nakaayos sa ibang pagkakataon ang koponan ng Australian at Indonesian economists na undertook ang pagbagay ng Sicat aklat-aralin. Ang mga resulta ng pagsisikap na ito ay Sicat at Heinz Arndt, Ilmu Ekonomiks untuk Konteks Indonesia, inilathala sa 1989 sa Jakarta, Indonesia. Noong 2003, siya pa revise ang aklat-aralin at papalitan ito ng isang tatlong teksto Economics dami. Ang unang aklat ay nasa elementarya pang-ekonomiyang mga prinsipyo, ang pangalawang, macroeconomics, at sa wakas, isang third, na sumasaklaw sa Philippine ekonomiyang mga isyu sa pag-unlad. 'Institution gusali.' Upang palakasin ang pang-ekonomiyang propesyon at upang panatilihing buhay ang pangangailangan para sa pagpapabuti ng pang-ekonomiyang patakaran sa bansa, Dr Sicat undertook ang pagtatayo at pagpapalakas ng lokal na institusyon ng pananaliksik. Sa kanyang trabaho bilang pang-ekonomiyang patakaran maker, itinatag niya ang Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) at ang Philippine Center para sa Economic Development (PCED). Dr Sicat rin ay nakatulong sa pagpapatibay ng Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC), isang pribadong samahan ng mga sosyal ng bansa agham na lipunan, sa pamamagitan ng mga programa instituting tulong na ginawa itong mas pinansyal independent. PIDS ngayon ay ang nangunguna sa lahat Philippine unlad sa tingin tangke para sa pambansang pamahalaan. PCED ay itinatag upang magbigay ng financing at institutional support sa School of Economics ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. PCED nakatulong upang bumuo ng ang pisikal na mga kagamitan ng mga Paaralan at ibinigay karagdagang pananalapi para sa pananaliksik at training programs. Ito transformed ang School sa isang pambansang yaman para sa pagsasanay ng mga economists sa bansa.
Palawan's musical instruments with their pictures and descriptions?
Music instruments, mechanisms that produce sounds, have been used for various purposes. In earlier times they were also used as an adjunct to dance or to labor. In later civilizations, instrumental music was used for entertainment. Present day musicological studies, following the Hornbostel-Sachs classification, divide instruments into the following categories: idiophones, aerophones, chordophones, and membranophones.IdiophonesInstruments that produce sound from the substance of the instrument itself (wood or metal) are classified as idiophones. They are further subdivided into those that are struck, scraped, plucked, shaken, or rubbed. In the Philippines there are metal and wooden (principally bamboo) idiophones.Metal idiophonse are of two categories: flat gongs and bossed gongs. Flat gongs made of bronze, brass, or iron, are found principally in the north among the Isneg, Tingguian, Kalinga, Bontok, Ibaloi, Kankanai, Gaddang, Ifugao, and Ilonggot. They are most commonly referred to as gangsa. The gongs vary in sized, the average are struck with wooden sticks, padded wooden sticks, or slapped with the palm of the hand. Gong playing among the Cordillera highlanders is an integral part of peace pact gatherings, marriages, prestige ceremonies, feasts, or rituals.In southern Philippines, gongs have a central profusion or knot, hence the term bossed gongs. They are three of types: (1) sets of graduated gongs laid in a row called the kulintang; (2) larger, deep-rimmed gongs with sides that are turned in calledagung, and (3) gongs with narrower rims and less prominent bosses calledgandingan. These gongs may be played alone but are often combined with other instruments to form various types of ensembles.Bamboo idiophones abound in the Philippines-xylophones, drums, quill-shaped tubes, stamping tubes, scrapers, buzzers, and clappers.The bamboo xylophone, gabbang, is found in southern Philippines among the Yakan, Sama, Tausug, and Palawan. It consists of bamboo keys of graduated lengths mounted on a trapezoidal box. The number of keys varies among the different tribes, ranging from 3 to 22. In northern Luzon, among the Kalinga, individual xylophone-like blades called patatag are struck with bamboo sticks.The bamboo slit drum, such as the Bukidnon bantula is fashioned out of a bamboo tube closed at both ends with anode with a slit cut out of the tube. Found among different groups of people, its main use is to announce important events.The struck quill-shaped bamboo tubes with notches etched on the tube, are found only in southern Philippines such as the Maranao tagutok and the Maguindanaokagul. The player scrapes the notches with a bamboo stick.Among the Cordillera highlanders, bamboo buzzers are widespread. They are made from a length of bamboo closed with a node at the bottom, with its top half shaped so that two tongues face each other. The top half is struck against the palm of the hand. They are known by different names such asbalingbing, pew-pew,pakkung, bilbil, bungkaka by the various groups.The Ifugao have a bamboo clapper, hanger, fashioned from a tubular section of bamboo, split from one end to approximately half of the tube. Each half of the split portion is shaped to make it narrower in the middle, thus making it more flexible when the halves are made to flap against each other.Wooden idiophones include sticks, suspended logs, and log drums. The Hanunuokalutangconsists of pair of sticks cut from forest trees. These are struck against each other and played while hiking through forest and mountain trails.The Ifugao pattung is a percussion yoke bar made from a tapered piece of wood and struck with a stick. It is used in a ceremonies for the sick, at rites which entail the offering of sacrificial pigs, or at death rituals.Suspended logs are widespread in southern Philippines where they are known by different tribes. The Maguindanao luntang consists of several logs of varying lengths hung in order from longest to shortest. The pointed playing ends of each log is struck by one performer creating a melody against which another performer beats drone rhythm on one of the logs.The Tagakaolo edel is a sounding board with resonator played during wedding celebrations together with a drum or gong to accompany dancers. The Bagobo and Bilaan have similar drums.Jews harps are bound all over the Philippines. They are principally made from bamboo although in Philippines some are made of metal. It is a type of mouth resonated instrument consisting of a flexible tongue fixed at one end to a surrounding frame. The player places the free end of the instrument with the hand, or in some other types by pulling a string attached to the blade. The instruments have different manes among the various tribes. In the south the most common term is kubing, in the northulibaw.AerophonesPhilippine bamboo aerophones include various types of flutes, pan-pipes, and reed pipes. The most widespread and numerous are the flutes which are mostly end-blown with the air stream directed into the open end of the tube.The lip valley notch flute, so called because of its mouthpiece which is obliquely cut and curved at a slant to follow the contour of the player's lips, is found in northernand southern Philippines. They are known by different names among the different linguistic groups, such as the paldong in the south and thepalendagin the north. They are instruments of leisure, used for serenading, courting, or merely to pass the time away.The nose flute, another type of end-blown flute, is found mostly in northernPhilippines where the Kalinga call it tongali, the Bontok kaleleng, and the Ifugaoungiung. It is found sporadically in some areas of the south among the Hanunuo(lantuy), the Batak (lantoy), and the Bukidnon (bulaktob). The Cuyunin of Palawan have gigantic nose flutes with tubes much larger in diameter than those found in Luzon.Less common flutes are the ring type called suling in southern Philippines; the whistle type calledthumpong(Subanun); and the reed called saunay (Tausug).Stopped pipes found in northern Philippines are the saggeypo (Kalinga) and thesagay-op(Bontok). The bamboo pipe is closed on one end by a node with the open end held against the lower lip of the player as he blows directly across the top. The pipe can be played individually by one person or in ensembles of three or more.Rarely used today is the bamboo panpipes called diwas, diwdiwas, or dew-dew. These consist of a number of bamboo pipes (5-8)strung together.Most Philippine transverse flutes are adaptations or imitation of European versions evident in the borrowed names such as flauta (Ilonggo, Sebuano, Bicol); plawta(Manobo) and palawta (Hanunuo, Waray). The Cuyunin use a transverse flute calledtipanuwhich is also found among the Batak of Palawan.Other blown instruments are those made from shell or carabao horn. These are used for calling people or sending messages over wide distances. Shell trumpets include the budyong, lungga, taburi. Carabao horns are the tambuli (Tagalog) andkogao(Ifugao).ChordophonesThese are bamboo or wood stringed instruments that may be struck, plucked, or bowed. They included zithers, lutes, and bowed strings.Philippine zithers have resonating bodies that are made from bamboo tubes or half tubes with strings that run parallel to the length of the tube. Tube zithers are found in northern Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan. They are of two types: polychordal zithers with several strings that run around the tube, and parallel stringed zithers which have two strings on one side of the tube.Polychordal tube zithers found in the Cordilleras, Mindanao and Palawan have strings that are etched out of the bamboo body, remaining attached at both ends. Small wooden frets are inserted beneath the string near the ends. The number of strings varies from 5 to 8 or 9 and occasionally even 11. Some names by which this zither is called are:kolitong, kollessing, kulibet, saluray, sigitan, takul, tangke, togo, and pagang.northern Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao, and Palawan where they are known by such names as tambi,bamban, tabengbeng, kudling, tabobo,thambabok, takumbo, and patigunggung.Lutes are found only in the south, in Mindanao and Palawan. They are of the long neck variety, with two stings that run from the neck to the base of the resonating chamber. One sting plays a drone, the other a melody. Though all the lutes are fretted, the location and number of frets vary between groups. The frets of the Maranao and Maguindanao kudyapi are glued to the body of the resonating chamber, while the frets of the Bilaanfuglung, the Mansaka and Mandaya kudlong and the Palawan kusyapiare located on the neck of the instrument.One stringed bowed lutes (fiddles) of the long neck variety are found in Mindanao. They have a sounding box made from a coconut half shell covered with a leaf, or a piece of bark or animal skin. The string is make of abaca fibers, horse hair, and more recently, wire. In is called duwagey by the Manobo and Bilaan.The rondalla ensemble consists of plucked string instruments: thebandurria, the laud, the octavina, the six stringed gitara and the bajo de unas or bass guitar.In the parallel stringed tube zithers, two bamboo strands, about 5 cm. apart, are etched out to the tube to serve as strings. At mid-point of the tube, below the strings, a small sound hole is bored and covered by a small bamboo plate clipped to the strings. When played, the strings are struck by a bamboo stick or plucked. The instrument, with slight variations, is found inIn the later period of the Spanish regime, a favorite string ensemble calledcumparsaemerged. It was anadaptation of similar instrumental groups in Mexico (murzaor murga) and Spain (estudiantina). During the early years of the American regime, the cumparsa was superceded by the rondalla.The bandurria is pear shaped, with a rounded back, a round sound hole and a fretted neck. It serves as the melody instrument of the ensemble. The octavina andbandurriaare tuned an octave below the laud. They furnish the inner harmonies and contrapuntal elaboration to the melody. The gitara's main function is to supply the arpeggiated or chordal underpinnings of the ensemble. The bajo de unas is tuned like the contra-bass.MembranophonesSingle and double headed drums are found throughout the Philippines. They are variously shaped--conical, cylindrical, goblet shaped, barrel shaped. Animal skins (snake, deer, or goat) is used as head/heads of the drum. They may be beaten with sticks or by the palm portion of bare hands. Drums are seldom used alone except to announce tidings over long distances. Usually they are played with other instruments, particularly gongs, to form different kinds of ensembles.The sulibao and kimbal of the Bontok and Ibaloi are longitudinal slightly barrel shaped hollowed out logs with deer skin heads on one end. The taller drum (ca. 80 cm) is called the kimbal; the shorter (ca. 75 cm) is called the sulibaw. The drum dead is small measuring about 6 cm. in diameter. They are played with palms of two hands. The drums are combined with gongs and other instruments to form different types of ensembles.The Ifugao libbit, ludag is a conical drum with a deer or goat skin head. It is played with a gong during harvest time under the rice granary.The dabakan is a large goblet shaped drum used by the Maranao and Maguindanao in their kulintang ensembles.The forgoing listing of Philippine musical instruments has been based primarily on holding of the archives at the U.P. Center for Ethnomusicology.Pictures can be found at Palawan's musical instruments (copy into address bar).
Dugo at utak - by cornelio s Reyes?
I have a copy of "dugo at utak" by Cornelio S. Reyes in my blog spot. Actually it is one of my project in my Filipino subject that's why I have a copy. I searched it for 2-weeks in any library that I know but still I found it... yeah! It is very hard to find it because their is no copy in the internet. (damn!) But now their is now a copy of "dugo at utak" here at the internet, just go to my blogspot. Wish this little thing may help you :D " http://angpanitikangpilipino.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2009-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&updated-max=2010-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&max-results=1 " good luck :D by: "jomzkie" note: kindly leave some message in the "Discussion" thnx :D
